Actus Reus Notes free essay sample

Gives a connection between the underlying demonstration of the D and the restricted outcome that has happened. It frames some portion of the AR: It isn't sufficient that the precluded outcomes has happened, it must be brought about by the D. * Established by a two-phase test: 1. Authentic causation: Only premise, set up a prelimartary association among act and results D’s act must be a sine qua non of the restricted consequence(consequences would not have happened without the D’s activity) ’But for’ the D’s activity, the outcomes would not have happened Case: White : D needed to murder her mom with a toxic substance drink yet the mother bite the dust before the toxin drink produced results. LP: The D’s mother would have kicked the bucket in any case however for D’s activity, along these lines he isn't the verifiable reason for death, yet he is accused of endeavored murder. 2. Legitimate causation: Chooses the accountable a. Case: Pagett To stay away from capture, D utilized his better half as a shield and solidified at equipped police. We will compose a custom paper test on Actus Reus Notes or on the other hand any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The police terminated back and slaughtered the young lady. LP: D’s act need not to be the sole reason for death gave it is a reason that has ‘contributed altogether to the result’ as he gets under way the chain of occasions that prompted passing and it was predictable that the police would fire back. D is the most accountable Intervening Act: Something that happens after the D’s demonstration that breaks the chain of causation and eases the D’s obligation regarding the restricted results. Conditions will possibly break the chain of causation in the event that they are: an) A staggering reason for death b) An unforeseeable event Case that BREAK the chain: Jordan: D cut the person in question and his injury was mended when V showed up to the medical clinic however he kicked the bucket following an unfavorably susceptible response to the medications given by the emergency clinic. LP: D not at risk as the first twisted was mended and the treatment was ‘PALPABLY WRONG’ (Obvious) to break the chain of causation. Case that DOESN’T BREAK the chain: Cheshire: D shot the casualty in the leg and stomach, where when in emergency clinic V experienced respiratory inconveniences and pass on after an activity that the medical clinic played out a poor standard of care and neglected to perceive his injuries. LP: The requirement for activity spilled out of the D’s unique act subsequently he stayed at risk, the treatment must be ‘PALPABLY WRONG’ (self-evident) to break the chain of causation. Interceding Act falls into 3 classifications: 1. Demonstrations of the Victim 2. Demonstrations of Third Parties 3. Normally Occurring occasions 1. Demonstrations of the Victim Roberts: D meddled the V’s dress in the vehicle, making the V hop from the moving vehicle and brought about genuine wounds from the fall. LP: It was predictable that the casualty would have endeavored to get away and could be harmed in doing as such. Chain of causation may be broken if the V’s activity is outrageous and unforeseeable. *Only EXTREME ACTS would break it? Consider Thin-Skull rule: *Thin-Skull Rule: EXCEPTION to the standard that D is just at risk to the predictable outcomes of his activities D is obligated for the full degree of V’s wounds regardless of whether, because of some pre-exisitng condition, the V endures more noteworthy mischief because of the D’s activity than the ‘ordinary’ V would endure. Cases: Blaue D wounded the V and punctured her lung, yet V denied a blood transfusion as it was in opposition to her religion, bringing about death. LP: D sentenced for homicide as it was held that the standard was not constrained to states of being nevertheless incorporated an individual’s mental make-up and convictions. 2. Demonstration of Third Parties Consider: 1. Criticalness of their commitment 2. Activity is predictable? 3. Normally happening occasions * Omissions: Liability just important if there is no punishable positive act. Rule: An obligation of act just forced by rule in a restricted range Contract: Case: Pittwood D contracted to screen the intersection doors so nobody is hurt by the train. He neglected to close the doors and V was murdered by the train. LP: An individual under agreement will be at risk for the hurtful results of his inability to play out his legally binding commitment. This obligation stretches out to those sensibly influenced by exclusion, not simply the other party to the agreement. Unique relationship Case: Gibbins and Procotor First D(Father) neglected to give food to his youngster who was famished to death. His risk depended on his exclusion to satisfy the obligation built up by the uncommon relationship of father/youngster. (The case proceeded:) Voluntary suspicion of care Second D(Partner of the dad): at risk not founded on the idea of relationship but since she had recently taken care of the youngster however had stopped to do as such. * A Person can't push off the clock to act that the willful presumption of care forces. Risky circumstance Case: Miller D nodded off while smoking a cigarette. It triggers the tangle ablaze, yet when the D woke up he didn't do anything to spare the fire yet move to another spot to rest. The House was harmed therefore. D contended that his mens rea was not created at the time the actua reas of the occasion, dropping the cigarette, happened. LP: D has made a risky circumstance which he at that point has the obligation to spare the fire. * MR emerges and concurs with proceeding with AR. He was subject.

Managing and Developing a Global Workforce

Question: Talk about Overseeing and building up a worldwide workforce. Answer: Segment 1 Avons global acts of human asset It is exceptionally urgent for any of the concerned firms to comprehend the ideal necessities of the concerned market fragments as to execute their concerned business forms. The worldwide administration of the HR basically assesses the ideal arrangement of the activities which intends to deal with the worldwide degree of the HR for the concerned firm and aides in accomplishing the goals of the firm just as it gives the upper hand over different contenders concerned. The workers are viewed as the most noteworthy resources of any of the specific firm as they improve the adequacy of the concerned firm. Avon is one of the main organizations managing the excellence, individual consideration and the family unit things for the separate ladies (Avon, 2016). The 2013 reports of the firm assess the ideal actuality that the yearly deals of the organization were close $10.0 billion. The human asset the board of the Avon Company assumes the fundamental job in assessing the business procedure of t he concerned firm. It is the key duty of the concerned supervisors of the firm to assess the ideal needs of the association and figure viable methodologies so as to improve the fulfillment and the unwavering quality of the concerned clients (Adams, 2014). The organization sells its items for in excess of 100 urban areas all through the world and therefore the administration of the total workforce is exceptionally pivotal for the firm. There are a portion of the essential obligations of the Human Resource Department for any of the concerned affiliation. They are the enlistment of the compelling and the proficient workers inside the firm, preparing to the representatives, proficient turn of events, benefits alongside the pay and the guaranteeing of the legitimate consistence (Armstrong, 2014). There are a portion of the urgent practices for the International human asset the executives, which are as per the following: Enrollment just as the determination So as to upgrade the viability of the whole firm the most pivotal is to enroll the potential and talented applicants as will assist with improving the general benefit of the firm. The crucial, well as the vision of the concerned firm, assumes the most huge job in improving the fruitful development of the association (Bign Alcaiz et al., 2010). HR staffing, just as the determination rehearses for the most part, are simply founded on the affiliation's strategic with the workplace culture. For outline, a business that recognizes the value of work environment assorted variety hold enlistment practice planned to grab the eye of an alternate up-and-comer pool. Staffing rehearses lie underneath enrolling activities and purposes, for example, financing calling fairs at various school just as colleges with shifted student populaces, advancement work opportunity crossways various scene to achieve a wide crowd (Brewster, 2011). There are various organizations who inevitably utilize various proc edures to deal with the workers on the global level as to encourage the ideal development of the concerned firm. The capabilities, aptitudes and the ideal experience of the applicants are viewed as critical as this improves the general execution of the concerned affiliation. Harmony between the Work-Life Adaptability inside the work-life calendars of the particular representatives partner with the firm is significant as this upgrades the ability of the representatives towards the work procedure of the firm. Actualizing versatile work timetable, offering representatives with the working from home decision alongside preparing boss to stamp indications of the concerned work environment pressure exhortation the administrative culture uniformly underpins laborers to accomplish work-life solidness. Dealing with the course of action of coordinations, altering skill for removed access alongside leading the successful preparing get together are in a general sense value-based assignments (Burke, Noblet, and Cooper, 2012). However, these concerned capacities in the end make outcomes learning work environment since they permit prevalent skill and, subsequently, enhance the concerned time laborers need to devote to family members commitments just as individual undertakings. Preparing just as Development Solid methods for the preparation is huge for the improvement of the work procedures of the concerned firm. Preparing to the recently enrolled representatives assists with causing them to comprehend the business just as the work procedure of the concerned association. The advancement of the results of the Avon Company should be assessed by the particular workers of the firm. The workers ought to comprehend their ideal job as to draw out the ideal positive results for the association concerned. Preparing alongside development are HR oversight works that involve the new individual from staff direction, occupation aptitudes direction, the executives readiness just as master advancement (Entrekin and Scott-Ladd, 2013). These activities progress representatives' work abilities inside their current area just as outfit them with wanted aptitudes with information for the cross useful activity that may enhance their value to the affiliation. Capable improvement continues an affiliation progre ssion readiness plan by sorting out the ideal future pioneers just for the predominant level occupation alongside greater constancy. HR organization direction, just as advancement work, reproduces promoting from inside training alongside help laborers work objectives. Remuneration The utilization of the remuneration builds the self control of the representatives to give their earnest attempts so as to extend the ideal business elements of the concerned association. Remuneration in addition to benefits much of the time are located commonly, introducing a comprehensive vision of how business rewards their separate workers (Fabozzi and Markowitz, 2011). However, it appears at reward without anyone else propose a spotless picture of HR management rehearses since specialist compensation contain up to 70 percent of the concerned business' cost to work her managing. Employing and holding the best workforce inside India and China The representatives from various pieces of India and china should have been chosen based on their capacity and abilities and according to the business necessity. This will assist with dealing with the neighborhood clients all through the separate nation. Two of these nations have various prerequisites according to their work societies are concerned. The outline of the human asset the executives helps in comprehends the practices and the jobs of the HR directors inside the concerned firm. HR operational capacity incorporates setting of the organization, record support just as new specialist and the finance regulation. These two nations have diverse proficient representatives who can comprehend the minds and the significant needs of the clients (Duarte, 2010). The ideal degree towards which HR development staff holds these specific operational capacity relying on their ability, greater part of the laborers just as the departmental money related arrangement. In various cases, the branch financial plan can hold up re-appropriate these specific operational capacity, subsequently permitting the concerned time for the HR work force to commit its fixation to viable HR arranged management as an option of spotlight on representatives organization sort of obligations (Entrekin and Scott-Ladd, 2013). The choice of the workers should have been done based on the ideal capability that the representatives hold. The most pivotal for the firm is to improve the viability among the workers of the association. In addition, the determination of the nearby representatives that is of the particular nation will help in assessing the ideal development of a whole firm. Culturally diverse preparing and practices Culturally diverse preparing is critical as it causes the workers to comprehend the estimation of the various societies over the world and causes them to comprehend to regard these societies. The job of the supervisors is improve the ideal mindset of the concerned workers in regards to offering appreciation to the cross societies of the various nations, for example, India and China. The political, just as the social condition, should be considered as to keep up the soundness of the working procedure of the concerned firm. The job of the Human Resource office is to improve the broadened social practices so as to assess the adequacy of the concerned (Fabozzi and Markowitz, 2011). The most broad just as most incredibly appraised sorts of the diverse training expecting by the responding graduates are all inclusive social awareness, operational through or administering social assortment along among culture-explicit direction. The fundamentally exceptionally appraised arrangement approache s fair addressing alongside intuitive developments or the joined talk and the hands on work. The data in addition to aptitudes of the coach were too appraised as to be the probably the best part of diverse readiness. Satisfaction rating by the alumni for discretionary culturally diverse instructing division was almost 12% better than for inside units. While three-quarter of responding graduates guessed the time of culturally diverse direction was entirely reasonable, half suggested that amplified second would build up the meeting of preparing (Fukukawa, 2014). There must be recommended enhanced correspondence in addition to content for the ideal instructional course. Segment 2 Dealing with the socially differentiated workforces Social elements of china and India with that of USA There are a portion of the significant variables which mirror the social contrasts between china, India with that of USA. There are various sorts of the social measurements, for example, the independence, manliness, vulnerability shirking, long haul direction and Indulgen

Travelling on a Student Budget

Travelling on a Student Budget Travelling on a Student Budget One of the best bits  of being a student? The holidays! (This sounds a bit lazy I know, but all that hard studying deserves a break…) With the summer vacation, winter break, Easter/spring break and various ‘reading weeks’, there should be plenty of time to jet-set out to a sunny destination â€" or for adrenalin junkies, perhaps skiing, snowboarding or water sports galore. Being on a tight student budget doesn’t mean you can’t have a holiday. In fact, it can make things even more fun, challenging you to hunt out the best bargains and live more like a local than a tourist.  All you really need is a laugh, a few crazy nights and some time out from studies! 1. Choose a budget destination These days student budget destinations are certainly not limited to a few predictable places (get some inspiration with our student country guides). Due to a competitive market, many holiday providers are offering better, cheaper packages. Previously unventured destinations for holidays have opened up â€" and with prices that suit the student budget. Bulgaria and Turkey are some examples of this, offering culture, history, beaches and the whole shebang. First, decide on what you really want from the holiday, whether it’s a hot climate, water sports, night life or a cultural experience. Once you’ve identified this, do a bit of research and get comparing. Tip: You may find flights and accommodation cheap, but don’t forget to look at the cost of eating and local travel before you commit yourself! 2. Stay at youth hostels Youth hostels are the most obvious option for accommodation on a student budget. Many people have a misconception that these are dirty and not the safest places to stay â€" but things have changed! You’ll now find many Youth hostels are incredibly clean, modern, comfortable, and still very affordable. Youth hostels are also a great way to meet other students travelling from different parts of the world, and they often organize tours, nights out and other activities. Tip: Ask around to see if anyone you know can recommend a place to stay, or look at reviews on sites like TripAdvisor and Expedia. 3. Learn the lenguaje Yes, I’m talking about language â€" a fairly easy translation in this case!  Knowing the language for the country you’re visiting is obviously useful. English may be the modern world’s lingua franca, but if you go to Kefalonia and ask for directions in English, you run the risk of hitting a dead end pretty fast. Often you can get your point across by using gestures â€" and you can also ask staff at your accommodation to teach you a few basic words that will get you by. (Probably more reliable than asking ‘friends’ â€" you may end up engaged to be married instead of getting directions to the town’s best restaurant!) Tip: Write down a few essential words in case your memory fails you. 4. Enjoy simple but delicious food Unless you have self-catering accommodation, you’ll have to eat out for most meals. Ask staff at the place you are staying at for advice on the best places around, and if possible do your own research before you arrive.  Definitely try new things (fried spider? horse meat?) â€" sampling local food is a great way to get a real flavor of a place (haha). Tip: At an island/ coastal location? You should probably be looking at the fish section of the menu! 5. Don't forget about visas Depending on where you come from, you may need a visa to travel around. Don’t leave this to the last minute, as embassies have different processing times and also celebrate public holidays in their countries which may not correspond to the ones in your country of study. Travel visas usually require all bookings information, travel insurance, a letter from your university, photographs and bank statements to ensure you have enough money to cover your stay. There’s also a fee for the visa itself. Tip: Check the relevant embassy’s website for full details, well in advance of your trip. 6. Almost there! Final preparations… It’s when you start packing that the excitement really sets in. First, make sure you have a bag or suitcase you can carry around easily, without breaking your back in the process. Everyone always says travel light, which is great if you’re heading to the beach â€" but not so easy if you’re going hiking in the Alps. So, bear in mind what you’ll realistically need, and check the weather forecast too. Tip: Generally, you’ll need sun block, an adapter for electronic items, and something a bit smart for nights out or a fancy dinner. Zooooom â€" you’re almost there! Just remember while on a student budget to book as early as possible to get the best deals, and ladies don’t forget your straighteners; that frizzy hair you get in humid climates is not a good look.

The Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Emperor s New Groove

The Babylonian work The Epic of Gilgamesh and Disney’s The Emperor’s New Groove both feature similar main characters and story lines. While both works do not follow the same plot line, the characters Gilgamesh and Kuzco possessed similar personalities, traveling partners, and changes in character. The initial portrayal of the rulers in both works is significant. In both The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Emperor’s New Groove both kings are portrayed as arrogant kings who tyrannize their subjects. Both works also contain traveling partners for the respective kings. In The Epic of Gilgamesh, Enkidu is created and joins Gilgamesh on his journey. In comparison, Pacha, a commoner in The Emperor’s New Groove, accompanies Kuzco back to the palace. The significant transformation in character in both kings is momentous in both works. Gilgamesh becomes a respectable ruler, who is worthy of praise, whereas Kuzco realizes the importance of compassion towards others. In bot h The Epic of Gilgamesh and The Emperor’s New Groove, the respective rulers are portrayed as chauvinistic and arrogant. Gilgamesh, two-thirds divine and one-third mortal, was aware of his superiority and used this as reason to oppress his subjects and women. As the author of The Epic of Gilgamesh says, â€Å"Day and night his behavior was overbearing. He was the shepherd. He was their shepherd yet, powerful, superb†¦.Gilgamesh would not leave [young girls alone], the daughters of warriors, and the brides of young men.†

South Afric Looking Beyond Apartheid - 1861 Words

South Africa: Looking Beyond Apartheid The skyscrapers of Johannesburg reach for the heavens, up to 50 stories tall. Crowding the streets is a traffic of South Africans of all races checking their ringing phones and rushing to their office jobs. A picture of starving black children and drought-stricken land better fits our story of South Africa, but that picture is much more harmful than it is true. Often we see South Africa through a lens of Apartheid that delves into the immense anti-black racism that existed during that time period, but it is also crucial to see the country from a post-Apartheid view to better understand today’s citizens and culture. It is equally important to see the conflict between other races and the multitude of reasons the conflagration that was Apartheid continued to burn long after it should have died. A building cannot be built without a foundation, just as the story of Apartheid cannot be told without mentioning both how the government developed and the cause of this terrible sequence of events. The story of Apartheid begins with the colonization of South Africa. In the late-18th and early-19th centuries, the British and the Dutch (Boers) established a colony in present-day Eastern Cape that was switched between the control of both groups multiple times. Eventually, they came to live as peaceful neighbors until, in 1867, they discovered diamonds and gold in the area, making it inevitable that, in October of 1899, â€Å"full-scale war† broke outShow MoreRelatedGlobalization of South Africa8279 Words   |  34 PagesTHE RAINBOW NATION, GOING BEYOND THE HORIZON - GLOBALIZATION OF SOUTH AFRICA – ABSTRACT This paper examines the advantage, disadvantage, trade and FDI in SA from globalization perspective. South Africa(SA) is the one of the post BRICs country and it has largest economy market in Africa. Following the democratic elections of 1994, SA corporations moved with alacrity into the rest of Africa and beyond. Mining houses led the way, followed by manufacturers and financial institutions. MultinationalRead MoreChina in Africa Essay20116 Words   |  81 Pagesthe European countries. Finally there is a report from this year’s European Conference on African Studies (ECAS 2) in Leiden. ECAS 2 was a success in terms of numbers of scholars and also in terms of increased participation from Africa. Now we are looking forward to ECAS 3 in Leipzig in 2009 and ECAS 4 in Uppsala 20. So, a final good-bye. Please continue to read our website www.nai.uu.se, visit our library in Uppsala and read our publications. We will never be far away. ââ€"   Carin Norberg, November

We Must Stop The Hunger Of Homelessness - 1303 Words

Envision feeling lost and not recognizing what to do or where to go. You spend every night in all kinds of weather on a bench, which you call your bed. As you wake up to the jabbering clamors every morning you choose which open spot will permit you to clean yourself up. Upon getting hungry, you ask individuals for change to eat a modest supper or you seek the closest dumpsters. For the remainder of the day, you sit in the city, trusting and believing people will acknowledge you and want to assist. Realizing that you are not judged by who you are but rather what you will be, you understand that the vast majority in the world doesn’t comprehend homelessness, and curious as to if the conditions in homelessness will ever change. All through the world, it is difficult to number the accurate measure of destitute, however it is known to be millions. Consistently in urban areas and towns across nations, men, women, and children clothed in rags roam the streets, regularly conversing wi th visions and asking or hustling for money. Most are conveying plastic bags, garnering aluminum cans, or hauling shopping buggies loaded with personal possessions. Here and there, they curl up on a bench or in a doorway under very dirty blankets and worn-out coats. If someone issues them money, they may react with prayers of gratitude and grace, or gaze vacantly at nothing in particular feeling untouched by endeavors to offer assistance. These individuals are called homeless, in spite the fact thatShow MoreRelatedHomelessness in the United States Essay1461 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the National Student Campaign Against Hunger and Homelessness, â€Å"approximately 3.5 million people are homeless each year, while 36.3 million live in households without enough food.† This statistic only reflects the United States, and to many people, it just doesn’t make sense. For instance Alfredzine Black of the YWCA in Marion, Indiana says, â€Å"I don’t understand wh y we have so much poverty in the richest country in the world!† Citizens of the United States have a hard time defining andRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Family And Family Homelessness1270 Words   |  6 PagesFamily and child homelessness has been a major social problem within the United states since the 1980s (Bassuk). According to the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, it is a problem that affected 79,446 family households in January 2010, and over 1.5 million children between the years of 2005 and 2006. Family and child homelessness is a genuine issue that although has increased to 37% of the overall homeless, and is said to have reached an â€Å"historic high† (Bassuk), it has not been discussedRead MoreThe Social Responsibility Of Hunger And Homelessness945 Words   |  4 PagesIn society, the whole(being society) takes responsibility for all its members. Hunger and Homelessness. The United States can be argued as having an unhealthy society wit h the factors of hunger and homelessness being present. If only some people of a society belong to a community, it falls short of a community status. Following this idea of a community status, every individual has a responsibility to act in a way that beneficial to society and not solely themselves. With chasing the idea of communityRead MoreIs Cleaning A Beach A Good Thing? Essay1619 Words   |  7 Pagesspecial skills, is it possible to carry out goodness? Even though there is no real reason for good to be so hard to define because it is about doing what you can, it becomes hard because of carelessness. For example, while on our way to work or school we are bound to find a homeless on the street asking for change. Is it really hard to give that person change for breakfast or something to drink? If someone is so scared that their money will be used for drugs instead of food, why not buy the drink insteadRead MoreHass Muslims Against Hunger1334 Words   |  6 PagesZamir Hassan: Muslims Against Hunger A software engineer combats America s hunger crisis â€Å"My goal is to engage Muslims in their communities. I want to change their mindset. They have to live their religion not only practicing it,† confirmed Zamir Hassan, the founder of Muslims Against Hunger in a hotel room in Washington D.C. via Skype video. Hassan is a retired software engineer who grew up in Pakistan and moved to the United States in 1973. He studied at Cornell University, lived in New York,Read MoreEffects of Poverty, Hunger and Homelessness on Children and Youth2370 Words   |  10 PagesAssigned Materials: â€Å"Effects of Poverty, Hunger and Homelessness on Children and Youth†, â€Å"How Do You Define Poverty, Part 1 and Part 2†, and access information on the number of families living in poverty in your county. Summary of Materials: The article, â€Å"Effects of Poverty, Hunger, and Homelessness on Children and Youth†, provides vast amounts of information and the far reaching effects on lives of the individuals living in those circumstances (â€Å"American Psychology†, n.d.). This problem is notRead More Ireland Starves and Lives to Tell: The Effects of the Great Potato Famine1584 Words   |  7 PagesIreland Starves and Lives to Tell: The Effects of the Great Potato Famine â€Å"It must be understood that we cannot feed the people† (Kinealy Calamity 75). The mid 1800s in Ireland were characterized by extreme poverty, death, and emigration. The Great Potato Famine, also known as â€Å"The Great Hunger,† first hit in 1845; however, its effects lasted into the 1850s and can still be seen today. Prior to the famine, Irish manufacture and trade was controlled and suppressed by British governmentRead MoreWho Stole The American Dream?756 Words   |  4 Pages but the work must not stop there. I would propose that it is equally vital to actively work toward increased awareness and advocate against capitalism. The Occupy Movement is a good, recent example, in that it defined the â€Å"99% vs. 1%† as diametrically opposed forces, and brought back the language of class consciousness and conflict into the lexicon of the majority of the nation, at least in a small way. As we once moved away from a feudal economic system in the p ast, I believe we can move past ourRead MoreGenetically Modified Food Production Definition Essay1190 Words   |  5 Pagescreated †¢ Humans infections dieses risk will increased †¢ Creates dangerous side effects †¢ Harms the environment †¢ Its unhealthy Genetically modified foods should be labeled, since December 2002 the Australia law has been required that foods labels must show. Labelling genetically foods allows the consumers to make an informal choice about the products they buy. The first time genetically modified plant was produced in 1983, by using antibiotic- resistant tobacco. Antibiotic- resistant tobaccoRead MoreChild Welfare Is A Program That Helps Improve The Lives Of Disadvantaged Children845 Words   |  4 PagesSome children in today’s society deal with homelessness, food shortage and abuse on a daily basis. Families lose their jobs, are dependent on drugs or are unaware of the proper parenting skills in the United States. In these types of examples, the children are put at risk of not having a stable home and even take the chance of being malnutrition amongst other health issues. Child welfare is a program that helps improve the lives of disadvantaged children (Dictionary.com website, 2016, para. 1). Often

Reflective Business for Real Life Service Organisation

Question: Choose a real-life service organisation that you are familiar with. Prepare a flowchart of the back-stage as well as the front-stage operations of this business. Using this flowchart, explain the significance of the service encounter, and its managerial implications. The written component of the essay should not exceed 1. Flowchart Backstage Front stage 2. Explanation of significance of the service encounter 3. Analysis of managerial implications 4. Essay format presentation Answer: Introduction: A company can be identified as a set of operational activities. The service or the products we get from a company are the external dealings of the enterprise. It is not the complete picture of the operational and managerial process of an establishment. There are a lot of activities involved in the back end of the company which plays a crucial role in providing the best quality service to the consumers. However, in the service industries appropriate alignment of the backstage and front stage operations is a prerequisite for obtaining customer satisfaction. For the successful completion of this project, I have selected food service industry, i.e. a restaurant, named Farmhouse Kings Cross. It is an Australia based restaurant with a great popularity among the consumers. Discussion: As described by Spirin and McGregor (2013) the front stage operation of a service organization can be identified as the interaction the customer or service consumer has with the service. The front stage process is the client-oriented activities of business. This is the segment of your business procedure that the customer experiences. In the restaurant business, the front stage activities are the dining room experience of the consumers. In the case of my selected restaurant Farmhouse Kings Cross, I would like to call it a gourmet restaurant. The front stage operations of this establishment are the food quality, the service of the waiters, the behavior of the staffs, the ambiance of the dining hall and much more. As mentioned by Kanyan et al. (2016) with the advancement in the information technology the front stage activities are being hugely influenced for the customers. Farmhouse Kings Cross is providing the customers the opportunity of online booking (Farmhousekingscross.com.au 2016). Moreover, the organization is also providing the great welcome greetings by two employees as the door; they have three employees who direct the customers to the tables. In this restaurant, you will have an attendant who will receive the orders from you. Within 5 to 10 minutes, the order will be placed before the customer. The employees are always there for the customers. After the dining, the customers can pay via online payment or an employee is there for the cash receiving service at the counter. On the other hand, a significant number of issues can be identified as the backstage operational activities of a restaurant establishment. Here, in my selected restaurant the backstage operational activities are the kitchen, staff management, an audit of the accounts and the supply chain management of the establishment (Zainol et al. 2014). The organization has a role specification in the kitchen. There are one chef, two sue-chefs, and other stuff with specified functions. The group collects its requirements (the veggies, chicken, and other food or cooking items) every day at six a.m. in every morning. The restaurant has a warehouse near to the kitchen. Three employees are always there to serve in the store. Moreover, there are anther five employees who transport the requirements of the kitchen from the store (Farmhousekingscross.com.au 2016). However, while discussing the backward operations, the HRM policy of the organization cannot be ignored. The team is providing a proper amount of compensation to the employees. Moreover, as per my collected information, the team is also providing security measures to its employees. It is helping them to ensure better dedication from the employees (Duarte et al. 2013). In addition, the organization maintains a regular auditing procedure to ensure financial clarity. It helps the establishment to operate in a better-organized manner. Figure 1: The Flow Chart of the Front and Back Stage Operation of Farmhouse Kings Cross: Source: Developed by the author Since the servicing market is becoming increasingly cutthroat, it is becoming more significant for essential provisions such as commodities or services to be acceptable to gain a competitive edge. The progress of every aspect in the consumer correlation creates this continual edge, particularly service encounters. This encounter is a course via which customers communicate straightly with any service. By interacting between themselves in a very short or over a longer period, service contacts may build a relationship with each other. If a consumer experiences a long-lasting helpful connection with a known source, an association might expand further. Therefore, growing value-producing service encounters during service deliverance ought to be considered one of the top precedence in a service advertising policy (indianresearchjournals.com. 2016). Although initial dealings in the contact flow are probably imperative, every encounter can be vital in deciding consumer fulfillment and constancy, along with a compound representation of the organization in the customer's mind. First-time meetings will generate an initial idea about the group. In these circumstances, the consumer normally does not have any foundation for evaluating the structure, and the first telephonic communication or in-person experience with an ambassador of the organization can play a crucial role in the consumer's opinion of the aspects and the apparent service deliverance. Positive interactions will provide an image of being first-rate whereas negatives have the opposite outcome. Conversely, a combination of both will make the consumer feel uncertain of the organization's value, hesitant of its stability in service deliverance, and susceptible to the attractions of contenders. For instance, a patron of "Farmhouse Kings Cross" could have multiple constructive encounters with their account handler or vendor. Following these, there could be helpful interactions with the operations team that arrange the food services. Nevertheless, downbeat incidents with the servers or the bookkeeping unit and the invoicing process can end up in a blend of in general experience. This disparity in encounters could keep the clients doubting the excellence of the firm and future experiences. Every service interaction with customers and the service departments promote or demote the possibility of a long-lasting association (Centreforaviation.com 2016). The rivalry amongst restaurants is cutthroat, and one needs to give their all to be thriving in this industry. Innovative ideas and policies by the managers help advance business and get the notice from rumbling stomachs from all over (WordStream 2016)! Decide on Menu: Farmhouse Kings Cross's goal in this tactical decision department of operations is to provide affordable and likable dishes. As such, the serving sizes and prices of its dishes are based on the most modern consumer expectations. Quality Management: The restaurant aspires to take advantage of item quality within limitations, like expenses and cost limits. It uses a line method to uphold quality consistency that pleases consumers hope about the restaurant in this matter. Job Design and Human Resources: Farmhouse Kings Cross's human resource strategies involve training for skills needed in the kitchens or production areas. For this zone management, personal and managerial knowledge is also implied upon to supportthe firm structure. Inventory Management: Farmhouse Kings Crosss goal for this department is to minimize inventory costs while supporting operations. Local mediators and dealers synchronize with the managers to supervise their stock (Panmore Institute 2016). Using technology: Technology in the promotion can lead to successful, widespread alertness of a restaurant and its qualities. With the help of social media tools, like blogging, tweeting and posting pieces connected to a restaurants food fashion may increase social consciousness about its good points. Marketing: Restaurants can offer customers memories of significant events of their lives. PR promotions are compatible for restaurants as they present customers with a feeling of association and assist in building lasting relationships (Smallbusiness.chron.com 2016). Conclusion: A right alignment of the front stage and back stage operations is typically essential for the successful running of a service organization. As such organizations' success fundamentally depends on the service encounter; it is important for them to manage rightly and align the front and backstage operations of the organization. Here, in my selected organization, the establishment is effectively lining up the both the operations. The success of the customer service and excellent dining experience, the right management of the logistics, HRM policy, and kitchen tasks are hugely important. Identifying the front stage and back stage operations are necessary for the managers to implement strategies with the aim of improving the service encounter. In my selected case, the management has identified that the dining service can be improved by introducing more verity in the menu. Hence, they are trying to improve the staffing and realigning the salary structure. References: Academia.edu. 2016. Other customers in a service encounter: examining the effect in a restaurant setting | Aby Gerbi Tremolada - Academia.edu. [online] Available at: https://www.academia.edu/6897234/Other_customers_in_a_service_encounter_examining_the_effect_in_a_restaurant_setting Duarte Alonso, A., O'neill, M., Liu, Y. and O'shea, M., 2013. Factors driving consumer restaurant choice: An exploratory study from the Southeastern United States.Journal of Hospitality Marketing Management,22(5), pp.547-567. Farmhousekingscross.com.au. 2016.Farmhouse Kings Cross. [online] Available at: https://farmhousekingscross.com.au [Accessed 19 Aug. 2016]. indianresearchjournals.com. 2016. indianresearchjournals.com. [online] Available at: https://indianresearchjournals.com/pdf/IJMFSMR/2013/May/16.pdf Kanyan, A., Ngana, L. and Voon, B.H., 2016. Improving the Service Operations of Fast-food Restaurants.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,224, pp.190-198. Panmore Institute. 2016. Wendys Operations Management, 10 Decisions, Productivity - Panmore Institute. [online] Available at: https://panmore.com/wendys-operations-management-10-decisions-areas-productivity Smallbusiness.chron.com. 2016. [online] Available at: https://smallbusiness.chron.com/5-core-operational-strategies-15488.html Spirin, G. and McGregor, J., Dash Software, LLC, 2013.Bar or restaurant check-in and payment systems and methods of their operation. U.S. Patent 8,498,900. WordStream, 2. 2016. 25 Restaurant Marketing Ideas: Tips Strategies to Win in the Food Business | WordStream. [online] Wordstream.com. Available at: https://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2015/01/14/restaurant-marketing Zainol, N., Rozali, A., Rahman, A., Razali, M.A. and Rezo, K.H., 2014. Customers Complaint Behavior Toward Restaurant Services.Mohamad Azli and Rezo, Khairul Hidayat, Customers Complaint Behavior Toward Restaurant Services (September 8, 2014).

The Importance Of Social Ranking In Michael Moores Roger And Me Essays

The Importance of Social Ranking in Michael Moore's Roger and Me Michael Moore's film, Roger and Me is about the closing of several General Motors plants in Flint, Michigan and the effects that the situation imposes on Flint's citizens. Throughout the movie, Moore, the director and narrator, tries to reach Roger Smith, chairman of GM, to let him understand Flint's suffering and devastation. Flint, after all, is the birthplace of General Motors. The citizens therefore feel that Roger Smith owes it to Flint to keep the plants alive. The story begins as an autobiographical film about Michael Moore. It explains how growing up in Flint, Moore never realized the significance of GM to the town. Nevertheless, he soon learns that the town's entire economy is based on General Motors. Moore's film utilizes various narrative techniques to emphasize that only an elite few have control over issues that may affect others whose voices are ignored. The use of major figures, point of view, and overall tone help him to make his argument. Moore's film is told from a first person perspective which allows the viewer to sympathize for the narrator. Moore is presented in the film as the main character while he continues to play the role of an insignificant individual: himself. Though Moore is a part of the community of Flint, he can still be described as an underdog. He is an average, unattractive, and poorly dressed man. Taking advantage of his ordinariness, Moore represents the everyday citizen of Flint who has to succumb to policies and standards set by the ?cr?me de la cr?me? of Flint. An intriguing part of the film in which the narrator represents himself as an average man is the scene in which Moore gets thrown out from a country club in which Roger Smith would allegedly be found. Access to the country club is reserved strictly for wealthy, ?significant? people, and Moore clearly does not fit this criteria. He also gets denied entrance to Roger Smith's office after many stubborn attempts. At one point, Moore gets a chance to speak with Smith by posing as a major shareholder in GM, but Smith ignores him after learning that Moore is an impostor. When Moore tries to interview a former spokesperson for a GM plant that was recently closed down, she refuses to be interviewed because Moore does not represent any major news network. Ironically enough, the woman is also an average ?nobody?. Moore chooses not to edit the rejections from his film in order to mock the way that people are brainwashed into only yielding to some and not to others based on their social ranking. He avoids his own appearance in the film while he still maintains a first person point of view. The overall tone of Moore's film further illustrates the ongoing struggle between the powerless and the dominant elite. Moore contrasts the lifestyle of the members of Flint's upper class with that of the rest of Flint and illustrates the apathetic attitudes of the rich towards the rest of Flint. He shows wealthy people attending parties, playing golf, and enjoying life without a worry in the world. In fact, some of them go as far as to accuse the poor of simply being lazy and choosing not to work. On the other hand, Moore's film helps the viewer to understand that the poor people of Flint are, in fact, trying to survive. Moore gives the viewer a look at the so-called ?lazy? people's attempts at making a new living. One lady, for example, decides to begin a business that determines the different colors of the clothes that people should wear based on the complexion of their skin. Moore describes the utter ridiculousness of her new business as well as that of another citizen of Flint w ho raises and sells rabbits. To further emphasize the unsuccessful efforts that the town is making to recover, Moore's film depicts several multi-million dollar projects aimed at attracting tourism to Flint. These efforts, needless to say, are done in vain. They still, however, help to prove that the rich people are wrong in saying that Flint is simply being lazy. In a town where poverty prevails, almost every way

Free Essays on Music History Between 1600-1820

Music began to change form the style of the Renaissance to a more complicated form around 1750. The period following the Renaissance is called the Baroque. "Music of any period reflects, in its own way, some of the same influences, tendencies, and generative impulses, that are found in the other arts of that time. Thus the word "baroque," usually used despairingly by eighteenth-century art critics to describe the art and architecture of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, came to be applied also to the music of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries." "The term has in the past, and to some extent in the present, carried implications of absurdity, grotesqueness, or abnormality. But as applied to the music of the period of 1600-1750 the term "baroque" has no such pejorative connotations, for much of the music of this time is of the finest quality." The Baroque style is easiest seen in the Baroque churches in Europe. It is obvious in the ceiling and altar paintings, the ornate carvings and metal work, and in the highly expressive sculpture. In music, aspects of the Baroque can are flamboyance, spectacle, and emotionalism in Italian Operas. Also, the use of dramatic in religious music and the massing together of large groups of voices and instruments. Some baroque was seen before 1600 and was seen after 1750 and the early baroque was first seen in the works of Montebverdi and in the Venetian School. The major-minor tonality actually emerged from this period and composers began to note the key within the titles of their music. Also pertinent to Baroque style of music, â€Å"a regular persistent rhythmic pattern was frequently used throughout a movement of an instrumental piece in order to constantly maintain a single basic mood.† The main texture of the Baroque was a similar rhythm in all of the parts with the horizontal motion mostly existing in the bass and soprano. There was also an emphasis on... Free Essays on Music History Between 1600-1820 Free Essays on Music History Between 1600-1820 Music began to change form the style of the Renaissance to a more complicated form around 1750. The period following the Renaissance is called the Baroque. "Music of any period reflects, in its own way, some of the same influences, tendencies, and generative impulses, that are found in the other arts of that time. Thus the word "baroque," usually used despairingly by eighteenth-century art critics to describe the art and architecture of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, came to be applied also to the music of the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries." "The term has in the past, and to some extent in the present, carried implications of absurdity, grotesqueness, or abnormality. But as applied to the music of the period of 1600-1750 the term "baroque" has no such pejorative connotations, for much of the music of this time is of the finest quality." The Baroque style is easiest seen in the Baroque churches in Europe. It is obvious in the ceiling and altar paintings, the ornate carvings and metal work, and in the highly expressive sculpture. In music, aspects of the Baroque can are flamboyance, spectacle, and emotionalism in Italian Operas. Also, the use of dramatic in religious music and the massing together of large groups of voices and instruments. Some baroque was seen before 1600 and was seen after 1750 and the early baroque was first seen in the works of Montebverdi and in the Venetian School. The major-minor tonality actually emerged from this period and composers began to note the key within the titles of their music. Also pertinent to Baroque style of music, â€Å"a regular persistent rhythmic pattern was frequently used throughout a movement of an instrumental piece in order to constantly maintain a single basic mood.† The main texture of the Baroque was a similar rhythm in all of the parts with the horizontal motion mostly existing in the bass and soprano. There was also an emphasis on...

Indonesian Music - Gamelan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Indonesian Music - Gamelan - Essay Example Ethnomusicologists trained in the West have always shown interest in Javanese and Balinese orchestral traditions because these types of music were always easily available in the US. Therefore, researchers and students have always remained focused on these varieties though the music from other islands like Borneo, Sulawesi and Sumatra also form integral parts of Indonesian music. In order to understand the music tradition of a country it is necessary that one should have some background information about its geography, religion, culture and traditions. Indonesia is a diverse cultural composite of 13,667 islands and it is a home for over a hundred different ethnic groups speaking more than 300 languages. The population is a mix of several major religions like Islam, Hindu, Buddhism and Christianity. Therefore, these catalytic factors have a great influence in shaping the art form of Indonesia, especially in music. Local beliefs and traditions known as adat – a native term for cu stoms – play a significant role in forming the Indonesians’ religious practices. The adat ceremonies are marked by events like ritual sacrifices, communal feasts etc. The natives harbor a notion that the spirits of departed ancestors still remain somewhere near the community. Hence they pay offerings to the departed souls in hopes that the spirits will accept what they earnestly submit.

Imformative Speech Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Imformative Speech - Essay Example It is not recognized as a separate breed by the American Kennel Club. Since APBTs are popular for their agility, people make them competitors for dog fighting games. These prove to be very stubborn and persistent players, and show strict obedience to their masters. However, APBTs need training for play and socialization; otherwise, they can prove to be a little tricky to handle due to their strength, stubbornness, and agility. APBTs prove to be very playful with children. That is why people also allow them in their homes. Appropriate training makes them very polite with the children. They waggle their tails to show joy when guests arrive. They are also very loyal to their masters. They can give their lives to save their masters’. To conclude, APBTs are very obedient, playful, gentle, and persistent in nature. Their agility makes people make them participate in games. Their gentleness is a reason why people allow them with their children. Thus, they are a very popular breed among American

Movie Box Essay Example for Free

Movie Box Essay Movie Box is a well known small business, which is situated in Small Heath, Birmingham. Mr. Nazim Hussain currently owns the entertainment store, where he rents out movies and DVDs. Mr. Nazim has one assistant working for him, who records all the details manually. The assistant also answers phone calls about movies and DVD inquiries. Mr. Nazim charges his customers 1. 00 for Bollywood films and 1. 50 for Hollywood films. He also charges an extra fee of 1. 00 for everyday the movie or DVD is over due. The customers have to come to the business if they want to take a movie or a DVD out. For a customer to rent out a movie he/she needs a membership number, without this number the customer cant rent out movies. Statement of Problem Mr. Nazim and his assistant were interviewed, to find out what are the problems with current system and the changes they would like to the new system. Mr. Nazim said that Movie Box is currently dealing with about twenty people per day. All these rentals are taken manually in a register. The business has a thick file and a lot of paper work is lying around the business, which wastes a lot of space. Keeping history files takes too much space and sometimes it is hard to search for particular customers history. As well as this because everything is done manually it takes Mr. Nazim and his assistant a lot of time to locate a particular movie or DVD, because they dont know weather it is out or still in the shop. It is also difficult for Mr. Nazim to calculate the weekly income as it is done manually and a lot of errors could be made easily.

My Star- Lesbian Relationship :: Personal Narrative Relationships Papers

My Star I sat on the edge of her bed, with my head in my hands, crying. My heart was pounding and adrenaline rushed through my veins, making me feel sick to my stomach. I couldn't make myself calm down. I couldn't even take a breath. My hands trembled as I wiped the hair out of my eyes. I glanced through my tears at Star, huddled in the corner of her bright yellow room. She was curled up in a ball with her head on her knees, shaking. I stared, wondering what she was thinking, and what I should do. I wanted so badly to go comfort her as we both cried, but I felt as though I could never touch her again. I felt dirty, even evil. I began to question every belief I'd ever had, even who I was. I looked back down to the ground, and watched everything fade away as more tears formed in my eyes. I wanted to just disappear, to leave my body behind, and not have to deal with what was about to happen. My roommate Star and I had decided to go to Tampa to visit her family for the weekend. She stood over my bed one Friday morning, watching me sleep. I opened my eyes and smiled expecting her to crawl in like she did every morning after her first class, but instead she asked " You wanna come to Tampa with me?" She had a huge, fake smile on her face, as if she was saying please. I didn't hesitate. "Sure," I said as I made room for her next to me. How could I say no to Star, especially when she smiled at me like that? I didn't care where we were going, but I knew I didn't want to spend a weekend with out her. Star was the only child of two extremely religious parents, and attended Catholic school her whole life. She was very sheltered, and modest, whereas I am a very open-minded, liberal person, who is anything but modest. She was Hispanic, and had dark brown, short, curly hair, that she always hid with a bandana. Her eyes were almost black, and were so mysterious and deep that I could stare into them and get lost. She wore pointy, black glasses that I called her "sassy librarian glasses." She dressed how my friends would describe as "dykey.

Promoting Indigenous Family Health Essay

It is a known fact that Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander populations don’t live as long as their western counterparts as shown by AMA Health Report Card (2011). ‘Closing the Gap’ (Calma 2008) is a campaign aimed at a national attempt to support and bring equity in health to our Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander communities. In order to be successful in this we must identify the key issues causing this inequity and through public awareness and government campaigns such as ‘closing the gap’, we become closer to our goal of Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islanders reaching a full and greater life expectancy. Health reform initiatives are used to promote health care within their communities and encourage Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islanders to be educated about their own health. As a nurse, in order to assist in this process, an understanding of family centred health care and the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander concept of family must be utilized. With these two nursing skills, the local health initiatives and government campaign’s, we are providing the best opportunity and support for Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander communities to take control of their health and ultimately ‘close the gap’. Key issues contributing to the ‘gap’ in health and life expectancy, as identified by AMA (2011), include; low income, limited education, low levels of employment, poor housing, affordability of health care, geographical access to health care and the acceptability of the health care practice to Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander communities. Illawarra Aboriginal Medical Service (2013) is a local health reform initiative for Aboriginals and Torres straight Islanders that provides a culturally secure environment where they can access health care due to it’s geographical location, affordability and mostly acceptability. Illawarra Aboriginal Medical Service (IAMS 2013) has two centers within the Illawarra making it geographically accessible. The center is entirely aimed towards the better health of Aboriginals and Torres Straight Islanders, ensuring all health care is affordable and providing as much assistance and support where it may be needed to help these communities improve their health. The main key issue identified by AMA (2011) that is addressed within the IAMS (2013), is the acceptability. The two medical centers are entirely based on the care given to the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander communities, making them specialized and aware of cultural beliefs, customs and the correct communication techniques. The Illawarra Aboriginal Medical Services also employ Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander members of the community as their staff providing a culturally secure environment and a greater concept of family centred care and the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander concept of family within their approach. The AMA (2011) states that Indigenous health workers are significant in facilitating the journey of Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islanders to better health. This also provides opportunities to the Indigenous communities to gain employment, contributing to the resolution for issues of low income and low levels of employment, as identified in the AMA Report Card (2011). Centers such as these provide Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander families a culturally secure, accessible and affordable method to be treated for their health issues in a more comfortable surrounding. On a larger scale the Department of Health and Ageing run by the Australian Government have many programs and health reform initiates in place to assist in ‘closing the gap’ as identified by Calma (2008). Element three of the Indigenous Early Childhood Development National Partnership Annual Report (2011) have a goal of increasing the provision of maternal and child health services of Indigenous children and their mothers. To achieve this, the Child and Maternal Health Services component of their program includes $90. 3million to be used for New Directions Mothers and Babies Services (Department of Health and Ageing 2011). This initiative increases access for Indigenous mothers and their children to; antenatal and postnatal care, education and assistance with breastfeeding, nutrition and parenting, monitoring of immunization status and infections, health checks and referrals for Indigenous children before starting school and monitoring developmental milestones. This initiative provides Indigenous communities with access to health care that promotes better health in the new generation of Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Australians, designed to assist with ‘closing the gap’ by raising a new generation with fewer health issues. With this, we are able to address key issues identified by AMA (2011). The main key issue addressed by this initiative is access. Consultations are held with Aboriginal Health Forums to assist in the identification of priority areas for child and maternal health services. In their annual report, the Department of health and Ageing (2011) state that this ensures that access is given those most in need considering, geographic location, affordability and acceptance. The second key issue identified in the AMA Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander Health Report Card (2011) addressed by this initiative is education. The funding provided builds a solid base for providing much needed education to mothers about their babies and already existing children. In order for a program such as this to be successful, health professionals allocated to educating Aboriginals and Torres Straight islanders must be equipped and prepared to deal with the problems faced by cultural barriers as well as being experienced in a family centred care approach (Taylor & Guerin 2010). Family centred nursing care is an important factor in the health outcome of any given patient (Bamm & Rosenbaum 2008). They also claim that there is no exact definition of family, instead, the meaning of family and their level of involvement in care provided, is determined by the patient themselves. The core concepts of successful family centred care are; respect and dignity, information sharing, participation, and collaboration (IFPCC 2013). These principles are the main constituents of effective family centred health care, and ultimately better health outcomes for the patient themselves (Mitchell, Chaboyer & Foster 2007). These concepts can be utilized, with a correct nursing approach, regardless of age, gender or cultural differences. To provide the best family centred care to Indigenous Australians, nurses must utilize the main concepts above, but also have an understanding of the Indigenous concept of family. The Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander population have strong family values, however, it differs from the usual nuclear concept of family in common ‘western’ society. Their family has an extended structure, and in order to provide adequate family centred care, this concept must be understood by health professionals on all levels, including nurses (NSW Department of Community Services 2009). This concept of extended family and their Indigenous ‘community’ as their family means that children are not only the concern of their biological parents, but the entire community. Care of the children in indigenous communities is the responsibility of everyone. Family members can be blood-related, through marriage or through their community, such as elders. It is normal for a combination of mothers, fathers, uncles, aunties, cousins, brothers, sisters or elders to be involved into the care of the individual and these figures must be treated as their direct family even if not directly blood-related (NSW Department of Community Servies 2009). In order to provide family centred care, to not only Indigenous but also all patients, a therapeutic relationship and foundation of trust should be developed (Baas 2012). The principles of family centred care should also be incorporated, especially respect of the Indigenous culture and maintaining their dignity. Respect and dignity, combined with trust and a therapeutic relationship within the Indigenous community, information sharing, participation and collaboration should follow once enough trust has been developed. To gain the trust of Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander patient’s and their family, firstly an understanding of their culture should be pertained. When needed, to be aware of such customs as ‘Men’s and Women’s business’, and to respect these practices within your care (Tantiprasut and Crawford 2003). This shows the patient and their family members, you respect them and their culture. Introducing yourself in a friendly and polite manner, including all family members present and always respecting cultural values is key to receiving respect back and developing trust. Acknowledge and actively listen to the needs of the Indigenous people and also their community in a culturally appropriate manner. As described in the practice resource for working with Indigenous communities published by DOCS (2009) showing respect for their elders and community leaders and involving them in important decision making processes will also show that you respect them, their culture and that they can trust you and eventually your advice regarding health issues. In order to successfully be accepted by the community, communication techniques need to be specialized to avoid offending any members of the family or misinterpreting their language. Gaining a basic knowledge of their community will assist in understanding the dominant family groups, language groups and preferred names. This ensures you don’t step out of your boundaries and remain respectful in your approach to their care. Including or consulting with Aboriginal health care workers regarding communication and Aboriginal-English would be beneficial to adequately understand their method of communication. Understanding non-verbal methods of communication and being aware of your own non-verbal communication is highly appropriate when consulting with Indigenous communities. Always speaking with respect, clearly, and avoiding jargon will deliver the best results when building a relationship within the tribes (NSW Department of Community Services 2009). Remaining open minded when consulting with Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander communities in aspects of communication and family relations will avoid incorrect assumptions. It is also high important to play an active role within the community and their events. According to NSW Department of Community Services (2009) within Indigenous communities’ word of mouth is a powerful tool, once an outsider is known as someone who listens actively and can be trusted, the community will be eager to work collaboratively and participate in your health approach (NSW Department of Community Services 2009). When the principles of family centred care; trust, dignity, collaboration and participation, have all been achieved and a therapeutic relationship within the community has developed, the community will listen to your health advice. When introducing a health concept to the Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander families it is important to engage them actively into your care (NSW Department of Community Services 2008). Using appropriate communication techniques to explain health issues and the reasons they need to be addressed provides them with education and knowledge regarding why interventions need to be implemented. Allowing them to discuss their options and decide as a community is also important, forcing them to uptake medical help could be seen as disrespectful. Allowing time to answer all questions and concerns from various members of the family in a manner they can understand identifies that you are actively listening and honestly concerned for their health. Demaio and Dysdale 2012 show that continuity of involvement in their community, and providing a continuous support network will only further build their trust in your advice. The ‘gap’ in health and life expectancy between Indigenous Australians and ‘westernised’ Australians is a concerning issue within the country (Calma 2008). Health reform initiatives are funded by the government and local organisations to provide accessible, affordable and culturally safe health care to our Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander communities. These initiatives are designed to address the key issues identified in the AMA Report Card (2011) regarding barriers to health care. Approaching Aboriginal and Torres Straight Islander family communities utilizing the family health care principles and with a knowledge of their concept of community family and understanding of their culture increases positive outcomes in their health education and furthermore assisting to ‘close the gap’.

Understanding Confidence Intervals

Inferential statistics gets its name from what happens in this branch of statistics. Rather than simply describe a set of data, inferential statistics seeks to infer something about a population on the basis of a statistical sample. One specific goal in inferential statistics involves the determination of the value of an unknown population parameter. The range of values that we use to estimate this parameter is called a confidence interval. The Form of a Confidence Interval A confidence interval consists of two parts. The first part is the estimate of the population parameter. We obtain this estimate by using a simple random sample. From this sample, we calculate the statistic that corresponds to the parameter that we wish to estimate. For example, if we were interested in the mean height of all first-grade students in the United States, we would use a simple random sample of U.S. first graders, measure all of them and then compute the mean height of our sample. The second part of a confidence interval is the margin of error. This is necessary because our estimate alone may be different from the true value of the population parameter. In order to allow for other potential values of the parameter, we need to produce a range of numbers. The margin of error does this, and every confidence interval is of the following form: Estimate  ± Margin of Error The estimate is in the center of the interval, and then we subtract and add the margin of error from this estimate to obtain a range of values for the parameter. Confidence Level Attached to every confidence interval is a level of confidence. This is a probability or percent that indicates how much certainty we should be attributed to our confidence interval. If all other aspects of a situation are identical, the higher the confidence level the wider the confidence interval. This level of confidence can lead to some confusion. It is not a statement about the sampling procedure or population. Instead, it is giving an indication of the success of the process of construction of a confidence interval. For example, confidence intervals with confidence of 80 percent will, in the long run, miss the true population parameter one out of every five times. Any number from zero to one could, in theory, be used for a confidence level. In practice 90 percent, 95 percent and 99 percent are all common confidence levels. Margin of Error The margin of error of a confidence level is determined by a couple of factors. We can see this by examining the formula for margin of error. A margin of error is of the form: Margin of Error (Statistic for Confidence Level) * (Standard Deviation/Error) The statistic for the confidence level depends upon what probability distribution is being used and what level of confidence we have chosen. For example, if Cis our confidence level and we are working with a normal distribution, then C is the area under the curve between -z* to z*. This number z* is the number in our margin of error formula. Standard Deviation or Standard Error The other term necessary in our margin of error is the standard deviation or standard error. The standard deviation of the distribution that we are working with is preferred here. However, typically parameters from the population are unknown. This number is not usually available when forming confidence intervals in practice. To deal with this uncertainty in knowing the standard deviation we instead use the standard error. The standard error that corresponds to a standard deviation is an estimate of this standard deviation. What makes the standard error so powerful is that it is calculated from the simple random sample that is used to calculate our estimate. No extra information is necessary as the sample does all of the estimation for us. Different Confidence Intervals There are a variety of different situations that call for confidence intervals. These confidence intervals are used to estimate a number of different parameters. Although these aspects are different, all of these confidence intervals are united by the same overall format. Some common confidence intervals are those for a population mean, population variance, population proportion, the difference of two population means and the difference of two population proportions.